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Treatments for Cerebral Palsy
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Cerebral Palsy/Treatments/Robot Assisted Gait Training
Robot Assisted Gait Training
Technologies & EquipmentTherapy

Robot Assisted Gait Training

What is it: A mechanical device guiding repetitive stepping movements to enhance walking.AKA: RAGT, Robotic Gait Training, Robotic Walkers, Robotic-assisted Walking Therapy
Researched
Quantity and depth of existing academic research
  1. ⬤ Minimal research: Very little scientific study exists, with no or very few peer-reviewed studies. Insufficient data for conclusions.
  2. ⬤⬤ Limited research: Few studies exist, mostly small trials or case reports. Findings are preliminary and lack strong validation.
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Moderately researched: Multiple studies, including mid-sized trials, exist. Some findings are replicated, but more research is needed.
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Well-researched: Supported by substantial evidence, including at least one large trial or meta-analysis.
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ Extensively studied: Numerous large studies and meta-analyses exist. Findings are widely accepted with strong scientific consensus.
 
Ease of access
How easy it is for the average patient to access this treatment
  1. ⬤ Extremely Difficult to Access: Rare, experimental, or highly specialized. Requires multiple referrals, long wait times, travel, and strict follow-up.
  2. ⬤⬤ Difficult to Access: Limited to select centers with moderate barriers. Requires referral, potential travel, and wait times of weeks to months.
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Moderately Accessible: Available in larger hospitals or clinics. Requires a basic referral, with moderate wait times and some coordination.
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Easy to Access: Widely available in most clinics. Minimal referral, short wait times, and simple preparation or follow-up.
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ Trivial to Access: Easily found in pharmacies or clinics. No referral needed, minimal wait, and straightforward access.
 
Cost
How much in USD does it approximately cost for a patient to see the benefits of this treatment.
  1. ⬤ Up to $100
  2. ⬤⬤ Up to $500
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Up to $2000
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Up to $10,000
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ More than $10,000
 
Reported effectiveness
The average perceived effectiveness of the treatment amongst the patient views found for this page.

To calculate the reported effectiveness for a patient view, the model first analyses whether it can be ascertained that the person writing the review has had direct experience of the treatment for themselves or a loved one. If so, it then uses sentiment analysis to rate their view from 1-5 on how effective this treatment was for them, with 1 being the least effective, and 5 the most effective.

 
Best suited for: Those seeking gait consistency; Adolescent spasticity; Young children; Mild to moderate cp
last updatedMon, 10 Mar 2025
curated byTurnto community

10 Resources

Referenced in this guide

39 Research papers

Referenced in this guide

10 Expert views

Contributed in this guide

14 Patient views

Contributed in this guide

Figure out what Robot Assisted Gait Training means for you

Page contents

Basics: What you need to know

Robot Assisted Gait Training (RAGT) is an innovative therapy designed to aid individuals with Cerebral Palsy in improving their walking ability. It employs robotic devices that guide leg movements, offering repetitive and consistent gait patterns. This repeated motion, combined with supportive software that adjusts to each user’s progress, may help enhance balance, muscle coordination, and overall walking quality. While many find it beneficial, it is not without risks—improper usage or overexertion can lead to increased spasticity or frustration, underscoring the need for careful supervision.

History and development

  • Early Trials: Initial concepts arose in the 1960s, with engineers exploring mechanical exoskeletons to aid movement in those with neurological conditions.
  • Swiss Innovator: Major early breakthroughs came from Dr. Gery Colombo’s work at Balgrist University Hospital in Switzerland, leading to the creation of specialized robotic systems.
  • Commercial Milestones: Devices like Lokomat from Hocoma emerged in the late 1990s, incorporating adjustable support and interactive software for therapeutic use.
  • Refined Protocols: Over the 2000s, developers integrated virtual reality elements and customizable stiffness settings, allowing therapists to tailor sessions for different levels of motor function.
  • Ongoing Research: Studies continue to refine session duration, frequency, and intensity, in order to maximize gait improvements and long-term mobility.

What is known

  • Improved Gait: Repetitive robotic guidance can enhance stance stability, stride symmetry, and general walking mechanics.
  • Primary Effects: Users often show greater muscle control, improved endurance, and faster walking speeds after consistent sessions.
  • Lesser-Known Benefits: Some participants experience better trunk control, enhanced cardiovascular health, and increased motivation due to gamified software interfaces.
  • Potential Worsening: Misalignment or excessive intensity can trigger muscle spasms, fatigue, or emotional stress if not carefully monitored.
  • Clinical Backing: Several studies indicate positive results, though benefits can vary widely depending on individual factors and the setup of each robotic device.

What is not known

  • Long-Term Impact: The lasting effects of RAGT on gait quality, especially over many years, are not yet definitively established.
  • Optimal Protocols: Best practices regarding treatment frequency, session length, and intensity remain debated among experts.
  • Individual Differences: How age, type of movement disorder, and severity of symptoms influence outcomes is still under investigation.
  • Exact Neurological Mechanisms: While neuroplasticity plays a role, the specific pathways by which robotic training improves function are not fully understood.
  • Economic Feasibility: The high cost of acquiring and maintaining robotic systems poses questions about widespread adoption and insurance coverage.
  • Mechanical Support: A robotic frame helps guide each leg through a pattern resembling normal walking.
  • Stride Adjustment: Sensors track progress and adjust movement speed or intensity based on user ability.
  • Weight Redistribution: Body weight is partially supported to reduce strain and allow safer practice.
  • Interactive Feedback: Real-time sensors or screens provide immediate data, helping the user to improve posture and stride.
  • Progressive Difficulty: As a user’s gait improves, the device can offer less assistance and more challenge.
  • Muscle Fatigue: Overuse or improper intensity settings may lead to soreness.
  • Skin Irritation: Device straps and supports can cause discomfort or redness if not fitted properly.
  • Increased Spasticity: Excessive or misaligned force can worsen muscle tightness or trigger spasms.
  • Emotional Stress: Slow progress or lengthy sessions can be discouraging for some users.
  • High Equipment Costs: Purchasing and maintaining robotic devices may limit accessibility for many clinics.
  • Varied Outcomes: Some individuals see dramatic gait improvements while others notice minimal change.
  • Technological Complexity: Therapists and users must master software settings and calibration, requiring specialized training.
  • Prolonged Commitment: Multiple sessions per week over long periods can be challenging for users and families.

Patient views

Experiences

  • Patients report improved walking ability, posture, and muscle strength.
  • Many see benefits beyond walking, like better sleep and reduced spasticity.
  • The therapy is engaging, with features like video games and biofeedback.
  • Consistent use shows promising results, especially when started early.

Challenges

  • Some patients find limited availability of the therapy frustrating.
  • Results can take weeks, leading to initial disappointment.
  • Not all devices work equally well for every patient.
  • High cost or access issues can be barriers for some families.

Tips

  • Start therapy early and stay consistent for best results.
  • Choose experienced therapists for better outcomes.
  • Combine with other therapies for comprehensive improvement.
  • Use biofeedback and games to make sessions engaging.
Reported effectiveness
The average perceived effectiveness of the treatment amongst the patient views found for this page.

To calculate the reported effectiveness for a patient view, the model first analyses whether it can be ascertained that the person writing the review has had direct experience of the treatment for themselves or a loved one. If so, it then uses sentiment analysis to rate their view from 1-5 on how effective this treatment was for them, with 1 being the least effective, and 5 the most effective.

 

Sorted by relevancy

Patient view

Start as early as possible. The Trexo helped my kid in many areas. Not just getting upright and moving. Bowel movements, sleep, swallowing, vision, spasticity, initiating steps, motility and overall quality of life.

November 2023 • Turnto Consumer Review

Patient view

We saw improved posture and some alignment overall. Some increased walking speed. We were hoping for a bit more but we had limited time with the device. I feel like this is a very promising treatment for CP if started early or done consistently.

October 2023 • Turnto Comment

Read all (14)

Expert views

What they liked

  • Experts appreciate the novelty and motivation RAGT provides for children.
  • RAGT offers unique muscle movements and sensations for non-ambulant children.
  • It reduces physical strain on therapists compared to manual gait training.
  • The technology is engaging for children and families, boosting compliance.

What they didn't like

  • Studies show RAGT is not significantly better than traditional training.
  • High costs and limited availability make it inaccessible for many clinics.
  • Lack of strong evidence for long-term motor improvements raises concerns.
  • Some experts question its cost-effectiveness given public funding constraints.

What are they unsure about

  • Experts are uncertain about long-term benefits of RAGT for motor skills.
  • They question if RAGT improves overground walking without the device.
  • Unclear if RAGT's motivational benefits translate to lasting outcomes.
  • More research needed on its impact on quality of life and health measures.

10 expert views

Sorted by relevancy

Expert view

Dr. Dayna Pool discusses the use of Robot Assisted Gait Training (RAGT) for children with cerebral palsy, emphasizing its origins in spinal cord injury treatments. She highlights the importance of family-driven demand for effective therapies and the need for orthopedic clearance due to potential hip issues in children with higher levels of motor impairment. The training involves partial body weight support to ensure safety and effectiveness, especially for children with hip migration concerns. Cognitive capacity is also a key consideration, as children need to communicate discomfort or preferences during the therapy. However, a study found that adding RAGT to traditional locomotor training did not significantly improve motor outcomes compared to locomotor training alone.

February 2021 • Episode 1 (Dr Dayna Pool)

Expert view

Dayna Pool's study on robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) for children with cerebral palsy found no significant differences in outcomes compared to traditional locomotor training. The research involved three one-hour sessions over six weeks, with assessments at baseline, six weeks, and 26 weeks. While RAGT did not show superior results, improvements were observed over time in both groups. This suggests that clinics without robotic devices can still achieve positive outcomes. The study also emphasized the importance of setting broader goals beyond mobility, such as improving quality of life and functional independence.

March 2021 • DMCN Journal YouTube Channel

Read all (10)

What and who it targets

Best suited for

Those seeking gait consistency

Enhance step symmetry and endurance

Adolescent spasticity

Refine coordination and posture control

Young children

Maximize emerging neuroplasticity for walking skills

Mild to moderate CP

Sufficient trunk stability for robotic assistance


Relevant research

How much evidence on this?

  • Over 20 studies, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
  • Research spans over a decade, from 2010 to 2025.
  • Studies include randomized controlled trials and pilot studies.
  • Covers diverse age groups and CP severities (GMFCS levels I-IV).

Research focusing on

  • Improves gross motor function and walking distance.
  • Mixed results on gait speed and muscle spasticity.
  • Often combined with conventional therapy for better outcomes.
  • Researchers exploring device configurations and long-term effects.

What needs more research?

  • Optimal frequency and duration of therapy unclear.
  • Long-term benefits and sustainability of improvements.
  • Effectiveness compared to other advanced therapies.
  • Impact on quality of life beyond motor functions.
Level of research
Quantity and depth of existing academic research
  1. ⬤ Minimal research: Very little scientific study exists, with no or very few peer-reviewed studies. Insufficient data for conclusions.
  2. ⬤⬤ Limited research: Few studies exist, mostly small trials or case reports. Findings are preliminary and lack strong validation.
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Moderately researched: Multiple studies, including mid-sized trials, exist. Some findings are replicated, but more research is needed.
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Well-researched: Supported by substantial evidence, including at least one large trial or meta-analysis.
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ Extensively studied: Numerous large studies and meta-analyses exist. Findings are widely accepted with strong scientific consensus.
 

Sorted by relevancy

Research

This study investigated the cost-effectiveness of Robot-Assisted Gait Training (RAGT) compared to conventional kinesiotherapy (CON) for adolescents and adults with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (CP). The researchers used a randomized controlled trial to analyze the costs and benefits of RAGT, focusing on its impact on gross motor function. They calculated the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) to determine the additional cost per unit of improvement in motor function when using RAGT.

The key finding of the study was that RAGT was more effective than conventional therapy in improving gross motor function. Specifically, the ICER showed that each 1% improvement in motor function using RAGT cost an additional EUR 70.38 per patient for a therapeutic block of 20 sessions. Despite the higher upfront costs, the study concluded that RAGT is more cost-effective in the long term due to its superior clinical outcomes.

For individuals living with or caring for someone with cerebral palsy, this study suggests that RAGT could be a valuable treatment option. While it may initially cost more than traditional therapy, its effectiveness in improving motor function could lead to better long-term outcomes and potentially lower overall healthcare costs.

The reliability of this study is supported by its randomized controlled trial design, which is considered a high standard in clinical research. Additionally, the study was published in a reputable journal focused on cost-effectiveness and resource allocation, making it a credible source for evaluating the economic and clinical benefits of RAGT.

September 2023 • Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E

Research

This pilot study explored the effects of Robot-Assisted Gait Training (RAGT) on children with spastic diparesis, a type of cerebral palsy that affects muscle control in the legs. The study involved 12 children who underwent a four-week RAGT program, and their progress was evaluated immediately after the training and again three months later.

The study found that the children showed significant improvements in their ability to control their movements selectively, which means they could better isolate and use specific muscles. They also walked longer distances, had better overall motor skills, and experienced reduced joint stiffness (contractures). These benefits were observed both right after the training and at the three-month follow-up.

For families and caregivers of children with cerebral palsy, this study suggests that RAGT could be a promising therapy to improve mobility and motor control. It may also help reduce some of the physical challenges associated with the condition, like joint stiffness.

As a pilot study, this research provides initial evidence but is limited by its small sample size of 12 participants. The findings are promising but would need to be confirmed by larger, more comprehensive studies. The study was published in a reputable journal, "Indian Pediatrics," which adds credibility to the results.

October 2020 • Indian pediatrics


Accessibility

Ease of access
How easy it is for the average patient to access this treatment
  1. ⬤ Extremely Difficult to Access: Rare, experimental, or highly specialized. Requires multiple referrals, long wait times, travel, and strict follow-up.
  2. ⬤⬤ Difficult to Access: Limited to select centers with moderate barriers. Requires referral, potential travel, and wait times of weeks to months.
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Moderately Accessible: Available in larger hospitals or clinics. Requires a basic referral, with moderate wait times and some coordination.
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Easy to Access: Widely available in most clinics. Minimal referral, short wait times, and simple preparation or follow-up.
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ Trivial to Access: Easily found in pharmacies or clinics. No referral needed, minimal wait, and straightforward access.
 
Cost
How much in USD does it approximately cost for a patient to see the benefits of this treatment.
  1. ⬤ Up to $100
  2. ⬤⬤ Up to $500
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Up to $2000
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Up to $10,000
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ More than $10,000
 

Method to access

  • Requires referral to specialized rehabilitation centers or hospitals.
  • At-home options like Trexo Home are available but require significant investment and setup.
  • Booking is typically done through healthcare providers or directly with manufacturers for home devices.

Cost

  • In-clinic sessions: $195 per 15-minute session in the US.
  • At-home devices: Trexo Home costs $34,900–$39,900 USD for purchase or $1,125.97–$1,292.04 USD per month for leasing.
  • Additional costs for accessories like the Rifton Dynamic Pacer and shipping.

Insurance cover

  • Insurance coverage for RAGT varies by region and provider.
  • In Slovakia, RAGT is often not reimbursed, requiring out-of-pocket payment.
  • In the US, some insurance plans may cover related accessories but not the full cost of devices like Trexo Home.

Locations

  • Lokomat systems are available at UM Shore Regional Health and Baptist Health Rehabilitation Institute in the US.
  • Trexo Home devices can be purchased globally, with support from Trexo Robotics.
  • Advanced robotics rehabilitation is offered in India at Peace Medical Tourism centers.

Related clinical trials

Innovative Robotic Gait Trainer Use to Enable Walking in Children With Cerebral Palsy GMFCS III and IV
Clinical trial
Canada

Innovative Robotic Gait Trainer Use to Enable Walking in Children With Cerebral Palsy GMFCS III and IV

Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario
Learn more
Robot Based Gait Training Therapy for Pediatric Population With Cerebral Palsy Using the CPWalker
Clinical trial
United States

Robot Based Gait Training Therapy for Pediatric Population With Cerebral Palsy Using the CPWalker

Shirley Ryan AbilityLab
Learn more
The Effects of Exoskeletal Robot-Assisted Gait Training on Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study
Clinical trial
Korea, Republic of

The Effects of Exoskeletal Robot-Assisted Gait Training on Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study

COSMO ROBOTICS CO., Ltd
Learn more

Frequently asked questions

No. RAGT generally complements existing physical therapies, occupational therapies, or other treatments. It often serves as a powerful aid but does not replace a comprehensive rehabilitation program.
Most participants experience minimal pain, though slight muscle soreness can occur initially. The equipment’s supportive design helps limit strain, and any discomfort generally decreases with consistent use.
RAGT can be adapted for different age groups, though younger brains and bodies may respond more quickly to this structured practice. A healthcare team can individualize therapy to match unique developmental needs.
Results vary, but some people notice enhanced step quality after a few weeks. Consistent sessions are typically needed to build and sustain meaningful gait improvements.

Key resources

Episode 1 (Dr Dayna Pool)

Episode 1 (Dr Dayna Pool)
Learn more

Locomotor and Robotic Assistive Gait Training for Children with Cerebral Palsy | Dayna Pool | DMCN

DMCN Journal YouTube Channel
Learn more

EACD 2024 (Stefanie Bradley PhD candidate)

EACD 2024 (Stefanie Bradley PhD candidate)
Learn more

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