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Long Covid/Treatments/Breath work
Breath work
Therapy

Breath work

What is it: Standardized breathing techniques that systematically rebuild respiratory health.AKA: Breath control, Breath therapy, Controlled breathing, Deep breathing exercises, Diaphragmatic breathing, Pranayama
Researched
Quantity and depth of existing academic research
  1. ⬤ Minimal research: Very little scientific study exists, with no or very few peer-reviewed studies. Insufficient data for conclusions.
  2. ⬤⬤ Limited research: Few studies exist, mostly small trials or case reports. Findings are preliminary and lack strong validation.
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Moderately researched: Multiple studies, including mid-sized trials, exist. Some findings are replicated, but more research is needed.
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Well-researched: Supported by substantial evidence, including at least one large trial or meta-analysis.
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ Extensively studied: Numerous large studies and meta-analyses exist. Findings are widely accepted with strong scientific consensus.
 
Ease of access
How easy it is for the average patient to access this treatment
  1. ⬤ Extremely Difficult to Access: Rare, experimental, or highly specialized. Requires multiple referrals, long wait times, travel, and strict follow-up.
  2. ⬤⬤ Difficult to Access: Limited to select centers with moderate barriers. Requires referral, potential travel, and wait times of weeks to months.
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Moderately Accessible: Available in larger hospitals or clinics. Requires a basic referral, with moderate wait times and some coordination.
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Easy to Access: Widely available in most clinics. Minimal referral, short wait times, and simple preparation or follow-up.
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ Trivial to Access: Easily found in pharmacies or clinics. No referral needed, minimal wait, and straightforward access.
 
Cost
How much in USD does it approximately cost for a patient to see the benefits of this treatment.
  1. ⬤ Up to $100
  2. ⬤⬤ Up to $500
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Up to $2000
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Up to $10,000
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ More than $10,000
 
Reported effectiveness
The average perceived effectiveness of the treatment amongst the patient views found for this page.

To calculate the reported effectiveness for a patient view, the model first analyses whether it can be ascertained that the person writing the review has had direct experience of the treatment for themselves or a loved one. If so, it then uses sentiment analysis to rate their view from 1-5 on how effective this treatment was for them, with 1 being the least effective, and 5 the most effective.

 
Best suited for: Anxiety patients; Cognitive difficulty group; Shortness of breath cases; Fatigue sufferers
last updatedTue, 07 Oct 2025
curated byTurnto community

30 Resources

Referenced in this guide

40 Research papers

Referenced in this guide

30 Expert views

Contributed in this guide

40 Patient views

Contributed in this guide

Figure out what Breath work means for you

Page contents

Basics: What you need to know

This structured breath work intervention is a systematic approach to support recovery by focusing on disciplined breathing patterns. It involves a blend of controlled techniques, including diaphragmatic breathing, deep breathing exercises, and pranayama, to enhance lung capacity and reduce anxiety-related symptoms. By following standardized steps, individuals have reported gradual improvements in fatigue, shortness of breath, and overall well-being, distinguishing it from casual breathing practices.

History and development

  • Ancient origins: Many of the techniques draw from traditional yogic practices that have been around for centuries, emphasizing focused inhalation and exhalation.
  • Post-viral rehabilitation: Modern physiotherapists adapted these methods specifically for those with persistent respiratory constraints, ensuring safe progressions tailored to prolonged illness.
  • Standardized protocols: Healthcare professionals and researchers have collaborated to create structured guidelines, differentiating it from informal breath work by setting clear goals and measurable outcomes.
  • Global recognition: Various respiratory and rehabilitation clinics worldwide have integrated these protocols, thanks to shared success stories and emerging evidence.

What is known

  • Improved lung function: Consistent use helps strengthen the diaphragm and accessory muscles, potentially increasing oxygen intake.
  • Reduced stress: Focus on slow, controlled breathing prompts relaxation responses, alleviating tension and anxiety.
  • Enhanced stamina: Some participants notice better endurance in routine activities, which may result from improved respiratory efficiency.
  • Secondary benefits: Lesser-known advantages include better posture, improved sleep quality, and heightened body-mind awareness.

What is not known

  • Long-term efficacy: While many studies show short-term improvements, data on sustained gains over years remain limited.
  • Individual responses: The degree of benefit may vary widely based on factors like age, overall health, or severity of symptoms.
  • Optimal frequency: The most effective intensity and duration of sessions have yet to be universally agreed upon.
  • Synergy with other therapies: More research is needed to see how these breathing protocols interact with medications, dietary changes, or complementary approaches.
  • Structured pacing: Each session progresses in measured steps, ensuring safe increases in breathing depth.
  • Diaphragm engagement: Emphasis on activating the main respiratory muscle to improve oxygen transfer.
  • Guided relaxation: Slow exhalations paired with gentle pauses help calm the nervous system.
  • Progress tracking: Regular assessments and feedback loops encourage gradual improvement and consistency.
  • Mild dizziness: Overly forceful or rapid sessions can momentarily reduce carbon dioxide levels.
  • Rare throat dryness: Inhaling through the mouth consistently may irritate the throat lining.
  • Possible fatigue: Prolonged sessions or improper technique may momentarily drain energy reserves.
  • Evolving evidence: While many practitioners support these methods, some critics highlight the need for larger clinical trials.
  • Technique adherence: Not everyone finds it easy to follow the precise pacing, leading to variable outcomes.
  • Overemphasis debate: Some argue that focusing too heavily on one tactic may overlook other essential recovery strategies.

Patient views

Experiences

  • • Patients appreciate improved sleep and relaxation.
  • • Many find it helps with shortness of breath and breathing issues.
  • • It aids in calming the nervous system and reducing anxiety.
  • • Accessible through apps, classes, and online resources.

Challenges

  • • Some find certain techniques too exerting or ineffective.
  • • Wim Hof method worsened symptoms for some patients.
  • • Not all experience noticeable improvements, even after weeks.
  • • Can aggravate symptoms like dysautonomia or chest discomfort.

Tips

  • • Start with gentle methods like diaphragmatic breathing.
  • • Use apps or guided classes for structure and support.
  • • Track progress to stay motivated and adjust techniques.
  • • Avoid overexertion; tailor exercises to energy levels.
Reported effectiveness
The average perceived effectiveness of the treatment amongst the patient views found for this page.

To calculate the reported effectiveness for a patient view, the model first analyses whether it can be ascertained that the person writing the review has had direct experience of the treatment for themselves or a loved one. If so, it then uses sentiment analysis to rate their view from 1-5 on how effective this treatment was for them, with 1 being the least effective, and 5 the most effective.

 

Sorted by relevancy

Patient view

I did Buteyko/OA breathing for 4 months before starting Wim Hof and would recommend that to anyone who is severe. You need a bit of energy to do this. But now I started and like it. I just started 1-2 weeks ago, but I already notice that I sleep better (I do it in the evening before going to bed, followed by short meditation and yoga).

June 2024 • Turnto Comment

Patient view

I used to and now it’s so much better after having done breathwork for months. You might want to check out there videos on Long COVID by the Buteyko institute, the Oxygen Advantage app (free) or the Stasis program (not free).

July 2024 • Turnto Comment

Read all (40)

Expert views

What they liked

  • Experts appreciate breath work for its simplicity and accessibility.
  • It helps regulate the nervous system and reduce anxiety.
  • Improves oxygen delivery and lung function in Long Covid patients.
  • Can be tailored to individual needs and conditions.

What they didn't like

  • Some find initial breath work techniques challenging to perform.
  • May require modifications for severe Long Covid symptoms.
  • Not all patients experience immediate or significant benefits.
  • Over-breathing or incorrect techniques can worsen symptoms.

What are they unsure about

  • Experts are uncertain about its long-term effectiveness for all patients.
  • Unsure if breath work alone can address complex Long Covid symptoms.
  • Questions remain about the best techniques for specific cases.
  • Effectiveness may vary depending on individual health history.

30 expert views

Sorted by relevancy

Expert view

Vikki Jones, a personal trainer and wellness coach, shared her experience with breathwork as a treatment for Long Covid on the Long Covid Podcast. She initially struggled with breathing exercises due to her condition, but gradually saw benefits as she learned the biomechanics of breathing. Vikki emphasized the need for breathwork programs tailored specifically for Long Covid patients, as standard methods may not be suitable. She collaborated with Patrick McKeown, an expert in breathing techniques, to develop modified exercises for Long Covid sufferers. Vikki highlighted the importance of empathy and understanding when working with individuals experiencing Long Covid symptoms.

November 2022 • Long Covid Podcast

Expert view

Hadas Golan and Rosalba Courtney discuss how breath work can help people with Long Covid by addressing dysfunctional breathing patterns. They highlight that many Long Covid patients have very low carbon dioxide levels, which can disrupt the body's balance. Breath work, when done gently and correctly, can help restore this balance. They also emphasize the importance of group sessions, which not only teach breathing techniques but also provide social connection and emotional support, which are crucial for recovery.

May 2024 • Long Covid Podcast

Read all (30)

What and who it targets

Best suited for

Anxiety patients

Promotes relaxation and stress reduction.

Cognitive difficulty group

Supports focus and mental clarity.

Shortness of breath cases

Strengthens respiratory muscles and improves lung function.

Fatigue sufferers

Improves energy through controlled breathing techniques.


Relevant research

How much evidence on this?

  • Over 20 studies on breath work for Long Covid.
  • Research spans multiple countries and populations.
  • Studies include randomized trials and meta-analyses.
  • Research dates back to early pandemic recovery efforts.

Research focusing on

  • Improves breathlessness and mental health in Long Covid.
  • Techniques like singing and slow breathing show benefits.
  • Often combined with physical or pulmonary rehab.
  • Researchers exploring autonomic and neuroimmune effects.

What needs more research?

  • Long-term effects of breath work remain unclear.
  • Optimal frequency and duration of exercises unknown.
  • Mechanisms behind symptom improvement need clarity.
  • Effectiveness across diverse demographics unverified.
Level of research
Quantity and depth of existing academic research
  1. ⬤ Minimal research: Very little scientific study exists, with no or very few peer-reviewed studies. Insufficient data for conclusions.
  2. ⬤⬤ Limited research: Few studies exist, mostly small trials or case reports. Findings are preliminary and lack strong validation.
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Moderately researched: Multiple studies, including mid-sized trials, exist. Some findings are replicated, but more research is needed.
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Well-researched: Supported by substantial evidence, including at least one large trial or meta-analysis.
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ Extensively studied: Numerous large studies and meta-analyses exist. Findings are widely accepted with strong scientific consensus.
 

Sorted by relevancy

Research

This study investigated whether an online breathing and wellbeing program, called ENO Breathe, could improve health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in people experiencing persistent breathlessness after recovering from COVID-19. The trial involved 150 participants who were randomly assigned to either the ENO Breathe program or usual care, with the program focusing on breathing retraining using singing techniques over six weeks.

The study found that the ENO Breathe program led to a small but statistically significant improvement in the mental health component of HRQoL compared to usual care. Additionally, participants in the program reported reduced breathlessness during physical activities, though no significant differences were observed in other secondary outcomes like anxiety or physical health scores.

For individuals living with long COVID and experiencing breathlessness, this study suggests that engaging in a structured breathing program like ENO Breathe could help improve mental well-being and manage some symptoms. It highlights the potential of holistic, music-based approaches as complementary tools in recovery.

This study is a randomized controlled trial, which is a strong and reliable research design. Published in a reputable journal, The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, the findings are credible, though the modest sample size and focus on specific outcomes may limit generalizability.

May 2022 • The Lancet. Respiratory medicine

Research

This pilot study explored the effectiveness of a 10-week online breathing retraining and singing program called SingStrong for individuals with Long COVID. Participants attended bi-weekly sessions that included mindfulness, breathing exercises, vocal training, and singing, led by a trained vocal coach experienced in respiratory conditions.

The study found significant improvements in symptoms such as breathlessness, fatigue, pain, voice quality, and cognitive function among participants who completed at least half of the sessions. Additionally, the number of cases meeting criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis decreased by 14.3%, and qualitative feedback highlighted enhanced breathing and overall well-being.

For individuals living with Long COVID, this study suggests that structured breathing and singing exercises may help alleviate common symptoms like fatigue and breathlessness, improving daily functioning and quality of life. It also offers a potential non-invasive and accessible treatment option for managing persistent symptoms.

As a pilot study, the findings are promising but preliminary. The study was published in a reputable respiratory therapy journal, but the small sample size and lack of a control group limit the generalizability of the results. Further research is needed to confirm its efficacy.

April 2022 • Canadian journal of respiratory therapy : CJRT = Revue canadienne de la therapie respiratoire : RCTR


Accessibility

Ease of access
How easy it is for the average patient to access this treatment
  1. ⬤ Extremely Difficult to Access: Rare, experimental, or highly specialized. Requires multiple referrals, long wait times, travel, and strict follow-up.
  2. ⬤⬤ Difficult to Access: Limited to select centers with moderate barriers. Requires referral, potential travel, and wait times of weeks to months.
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Moderately Accessible: Available in larger hospitals or clinics. Requires a basic referral, with moderate wait times and some coordination.
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Easy to Access: Widely available in most clinics. Minimal referral, short wait times, and simple preparation or follow-up.
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ Trivial to Access: Easily found in pharmacies or clinics. No referral needed, minimal wait, and straightforward access.
 
Cost
How much in USD does it approximately cost for a patient to see the benefits of this treatment.
  1. ⬤ Up to $100
  2. ⬤⬤ Up to $500
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Up to $2000
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Up to $10,000
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ More than $10,000
 

Method to access

  • Requires a referral from a healthcare provider for most programs.
  • Available through specialized clinics like Boston Medical Center and UNC COVID Recovery Clinic.
  • Telehealth options are available, such as SPEAR LIVE.
  • At-home exercises can be performed with guidance from online resources or healthcare providers.

Cost

  • Costs for in-clinic visits are typically billed as specialist visits, ranging from $50–$200 per session in the US.
  • Telehealth sessions may be covered by insurance, often at no additional cost.
  • At-home programs may require minimal to no cost, depending on resources used.

Insurance cover

  • Commonly covered by health insurance in the US, especially telehealth sessions.
  • Coverage varies by region; patients should verify with their provider.
  • Financial assistance may be available at some clinics, such as Boston Medical Center.

Locations

  • Boston Medical Center offers a referral-only breathing retraining program.
  • UNC COVID Recovery Clinic provides assessments and treatments in Chapel Hill, NC.
  • Mount Sinai's Center for Post-COVID Care in New York specializes in long-term COVID care.
  • SPEAR Physical Therapy in NYC offers in-person and telehealth breathing rehabilitation.
  • UBMD Long COVID Recovery Center in Buffalo, NY provides multidisciplinary care.

Related clinical trials

Yogic Breathing and Guided Meditation for Long Covid Symptoms
Clinical trial
United States

Yogic Breathing and Guided Meditation for Long Covid Symptoms

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Learn more
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Breathing Control Technique on Long COVID Symptoms at the Reunion University Hospital
Clinical trial
France

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Breathing Control Technique on Long COVID Symptoms at the Reunion University Hospital

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Réunion
Learn more
Connecting Breath and Mind for CYP With Long COVID
Clinical trial
United Kingdom

Connecting Breath and Mind for CYP With Long COVID

Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Learn more

Frequently asked questions

Yes, breath work can be practiced at home with proper guidance or online resources, though initial sessions with a professional are recommended.
Breath work is generally gentle and non-invasive, but some may feel lightheaded initially. It's important to start slowly and follow guidance.
Many people notice improvements in relaxation and breathing within a few sessions, but consistent practice is key for lasting results.
Breath work is safe for most, but those with severe respiratory issues should consult a healthcare provider first.

Key resources

59 - Vikki Jones - Long Covid, Trauma & Breathing

Long Covid Podcast
Learn more

132 - Rosalba Courtney & Hadas Golan - Dysfunctional Breathing in Long Covid

Long Covid Podcast
Learn more

Episode 17: Robin McNelis - Respiratory physiotherapist

TLC Sessions Podcast
Learn more

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