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Long Covid/Treatments/Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids
Pharmacological

Corticosteroids

What is it: Systemic medication protocols reduce persistent inflammation and immune overactivity.AKA: Glucocorticoids, Steroids
Researched
Quantity and depth of existing academic research
  1. ⬤ Minimal research: Very little scientific study exists, with no or very few peer-reviewed studies. Insufficient data for conclusions.
  2. ⬤⬤ Limited research: Few studies exist, mostly small trials or case reports. Findings are preliminary and lack strong validation.
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Moderately researched: Multiple studies, including mid-sized trials, exist. Some findings are replicated, but more research is needed.
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Well-researched: Supported by substantial evidence, including at least one large trial or meta-analysis.
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ Extensively studied: Numerous large studies and meta-analyses exist. Findings are widely accepted with strong scientific consensus.
 
Ease of access
How easy it is for the average patient to access this treatment
  1. ⬤ Extremely Difficult to Access: Rare, experimental, or highly specialized. Requires multiple referrals, long wait times, travel, and strict follow-up.
  2. ⬤⬤ Difficult to Access: Limited to select centers with moderate barriers. Requires referral, potential travel, and wait times of weeks to months.
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Moderately Accessible: Available in larger hospitals or clinics. Requires a basic referral, with moderate wait times and some coordination.
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Easy to Access: Widely available in most clinics. Minimal referral, short wait times, and simple preparation or follow-up.
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ Trivial to Access: Easily found in pharmacies or clinics. No referral needed, minimal wait, and straightforward access.
 
Cost
How much in USD does it approximately cost for a patient to see the benefits of this treatment.
  1. ⬤ Up to $100
  2. ⬤⬤ Up to $500
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Up to $2000
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Up to $10,000
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ More than $10,000
 
Reported effectiveness
The average perceived effectiveness of the treatment amongst the patient views found for this page.

To calculate the reported effectiveness for a patient view, the model first analyses whether it can be ascertained that the person writing the review has had direct experience of the treatment for themselves or a loved one. If so, it then uses sentiment analysis to rate their view from 1-5 on how effective this treatment was for them, with 1 being the least effective, and 5 the most effective.

 
Best suited for: Severe inflammation cases; Immune dysregulation patients; Fatigue with inflammatory origin; Respiratory symptom sufferers
last updatedWed, 02 Apr 2025
curated byTurnto community

21 Resources

Referenced in this guide

46 Research papers

Referenced in this guide

21 Expert views

Contributed in this guide

53 Patient views

Contributed in this guide

Figure out what Corticosteroids means for you

Page contents

Basics: What you need to know

Corticosteroids, also called systemic glucocorticoids, are used to manage persistent inflammation and immune dysregulation in individuals experiencing prolonged symptoms. Key medications such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, and methylprednisolone follow established regimens that have been adapted from evidence-based practices in other inflammatory conditions. These standardized protocols typically involve careful dosing and taper schedules to reduce risks like infections, adrenal suppression, or symptom rebounds. The goal is to provide symptom relief and stabilize immune responses, reducing the potential for long-term organ damage.

History and development

  • Early discovery: Dr. Edward Calvin Kendall and Dr. Philip S. Hench pioneered isolating cortisone in the 1940s, showcasing its potential for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Nobel recognition: In 1950, Kendall, Hench, and Tadeus Reichstein received the Nobel Prize for their groundbreaking work on corticosteroids.
  • Application evolution: Over subsequent decades, systemic glucocorticoids became a mainstay in treating severe inflammatory conditions, eventually including protocols for persistent symptoms where immune dysregulation is suspected.

What is known

  • Immunomodulatory role: These medications lower inflammatory cytokines and help regulate immune cell activity (e.g., T cells), reducing chronic inflammatory processes.
  • Symptom relief: Many individuals experience improvement in fatigue, breathing difficulties, and overall well-being when regimes are correctly administered.
  • Lesser-known benefits: Some patients report decreased vascular inflammation, improvement in headache frequency, and reduced joint swelling, possibly due to broader anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Potential risks: Because they dampen the immune system, they can increase susceptibility to infections or exacerbate metabolic imbalances like diabetes.

What is not known

  • Optimal regimen: Precision on the best dosing levels, timing, and duration for different subtypes of persistent symptoms is still under study.
  • Long-term outcome: The full extent of benefits or pitfalls from prolonged use is unclear, including whether the therapy might mask underlying conditions.
  • Individual variation: Some individuals respond exceptionally well, while others see minimal gains; the reasons for these differences remain uncertain.
  • Dampens inflammatory pathways: Blocks pro-inflammatory cytokines to reduce ongoing swelling.
  • Modulates immune cells: Alters T- and B-cell activity to prevent excessive immune responses.
  • Stabilizes vasculature: Helps lower capillary permeability, potentially aiding circulation.
  • Eases respiratory strain: May support lung function by reducing airway inflammation.
  • Infection risk: Suppresses immune system, heightening vulnerability to pathogens.
  • Blood sugar spikes: May worsen glucose control, especially in people with diabetes.
  • Bone density loss: Prolonged use can contribute to osteoporosis.
  • Adrenal suppression: Sudden withdrawal after long use can disrupt hormone production.
  • Mood fluctuations: Can cause irritability, anxiety, or mood swings.
  • Potential overuse: Some argue that steroids may be prescribed too frequently.
  • Variable responses: Not all individuals see consistent benefits, leading to debates.
  • Rebound concern: Improper tapering can lead to a resurgence of symptoms.

Patient views

Experiences

  • Patients report significant short-term relief from symptoms like fatigue, brain fog, and inflammation.
  • Some experienced improved energy levels and ability to perform daily activities.
  • Temporary symptom stabilization allowed patients to enjoy normalcy, like socializing or exercising.
  • Steroids helped reduce severe symptoms like post-exertional malaise (PEM) and breathing issues.

Challenges

  • Many patients experienced a return of symptoms after stopping steroids.
  • Side effects included insomnia, mood changes, and muscle pain.
  • Long-term use risks like adrenal insufficiency and bone damage were concerning.
  • Some reported worsening of baseline symptoms after tapering off steroids.

Tips

  • Patients recommend starting with low doses and tapering off slowly.
  • Monitoring by a knowledgeable doctor is crucial to manage side effects.
  • Combining steroids with other treatments or supplements may enhance benefits.
  • Avoid overexertion during initial symptom relief to prevent crashes.
Reported effectiveness
The average perceived effectiveness of the treatment amongst the patient views found for this page.

To calculate the reported effectiveness for a patient view, the model first analyses whether it can be ascertained that the person writing the review has had direct experience of the treatment for themselves or a loved one. If so, it then uses sentiment analysis to rate their view from 1-5 on how effective this treatment was for them, with 1 being the least effective, and 5 the most effective.

 

Sorted by relevancy

Patient view

Prednisolone helped my fatigue & headaches too, but a couple of months after taking it I was back to my usual LC symptoms. (And it can’t be taken long term). 😢

August 2024 • Turnto Comment

Patient view

Long story.. but

The patient has been on steroids for two years. They were originally put on them in 2022 by a doctor trying to treat their long covid. They were on 40mg for several weeks, then the doctor rapid tapered them which caused their brain fog to begin (very similar symptoms to what they’re having now). They were hospitalized in a psych unit and went back on the 40mg, then tapered more slowly.

Then they started feeling better and after getting down to 7mg after tapering for many months, they had felt 90% recovered from all long covid. So they stayed on the steroid because at that point they developed adrenal insufficiency. Fast forward to July 2024, they had lots of stress which caused LC relapse, including diarrhea every day. Their endocrinologist said if having diarrhea, double the dose of steroids until it’s gone then taper back down. So they took 14mg for 8 weeks and just started tapering but now they gotta taper slowly because they still feel awful and at this point they don’t know what’s from long covid, or adrenal insufficiency. They’re a mess.

September 2024 • /r/covidlonghaulers

Read all (53)

Expert views

What they liked

  • Experts appreciate corticosteroids for their ability to reduce inflammation and immune system overactivity, which can help manage symptoms of Long Covid.
  • Some experts have observed improvements in morning energy levels and overall daily functioning when low doses of corticosteroids are used.
  • Corticosteroids are considered effective for addressing autoimmune-related symptoms in Long Covid, such as fatigue and brain fog.
  • Experts value corticosteroids for their ability to provide relief in cases where inflammation is a major contributor to symptoms.

What they didn't like

  • Experts are concerned about long-term use of corticosteroids, as it can lead to side effects like adrenal suppression and immune system complications.
  • Some experts worry that corticosteroids might suppress the immune system too much, potentially allowing viral reservoirs to persist.
  • Chronic use of corticosteroids has been linked to microglia priming, which may worsen brain inflammation over time.
  • Experts note that corticosteroids may not address the root causes of Long Covid and could lead to dependency or other hormonal imbalances.

What are they unsure about

  • Experts are uncertain about the long-term effects of corticosteroids on viral reservoirs in Long Covid patients.
  • There is limited evidence on whether corticosteroids can effectively target the underlying mechanisms of Long Covid.
  • Experts are unsure if corticosteroids are suitable for all Long Covid patients, given the variability in symptoms and causes.
  • The impact of corticosteroids on brain inflammation and cognitive symptoms in Long Covid remains unclear.

21 expert views

Sorted by relevancy

Expert view

Dr. Bruce Patterson expresses skepticism about using corticosteroids (steroids) for Long Covid treatment. He argues that steroids suppress the immune system, which could potentially create reservoirs for the virus to persist and lead to chronic symptoms. Instead, he advocates for treatments like Maraviroc and statins, which modulate the immune system without suppressing it. Patterson emphasizes that his approach targets the underlying mechanisms of Long Covid, such as inflammation and immune dysregulation, rather than broadly suppressing immune activity.

January 2022 • Episode 25: Dr Bruce Patterson - Maraviroc... myth or magic?

Expert view

Dr. William Li, a physician and scientist, discusses the potential use of corticosteroids like prednisone and dexamethasone for treating autoimmune symptoms in Long Covid patients. He notes that dexamethasone is already approved for acute COVID treatment and suggests exploring its application for Long Covid, especially for patients with severe autoimmune symptoms. Dr. Li emphasizes the importance of trialing treatments responsibly, using medical judgment to avoid errors, and providing relief to patients who are struggling.

March 2023 • Long Covid Podcast

Read all (21)

What and who it targets

Best suited for

Severe inflammation cases

High inflammation levels needing suppression.

Immune dysregulation patients

Immune system overactivity requiring modulation.

Fatigue with inflammatory origin

Inflammation-driven fatigue needing relief.

Respiratory symptom sufferers

Breathing issues linked to inflammation.


Relevant research

How much evidence on this?

  • Multiple studies explore corticosteroids for Long Covid treatment.
  • Research spans over 3 years, starting in 2021.
  • Includes randomized trials, case reports, and observational studies.
  • Studies cover diverse symptoms and patient demographics.

Research focusing on

  • Corticosteroids reduce inflammation and improve breathing.
  • Risk of avascular necrosis and muscle loss exists.
  • Effective for pulmonary and neurological symptoms.
  • Researchers are exploring immune modulation and biomarkers.

What needs more research?

  • Long-term safety of corticosteroids for Long Covid unclear.
  • Optimal dosage and duration remain undetermined.
  • Mechanisms behind symptom improvement not fully understood.
  • Effects on non-pulmonary symptoms need more study.
Level of research
Quantity and depth of existing academic research
  1. ⬤ Minimal research: Very little scientific study exists, with no or very few peer-reviewed studies. Insufficient data for conclusions.
  2. ⬤⬤ Limited research: Few studies exist, mostly small trials or case reports. Findings are preliminary and lack strong validation.
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Moderately researched: Multiple studies, including mid-sized trials, exist. Some findings are replicated, but more research is needed.
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Well-researched: Supported by substantial evidence, including at least one large trial or meta-analysis.
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ Extensively studied: Numerous large studies and meta-analyses exist. Findings are widely accepted with strong scientific consensus.
 

Sorted by relevancy

Research

This study looked at how effective systemic corticosteroids were in treating patients with long-COVID symptoms, particularly those with lung-related issues. Researchers followed 49 long-COVID patients for three months after they were treated with a steroid called deflazacort, given in tapering doses over 8-10 weeks.

The study found significant improvements in symptoms like breathlessness and cough, with breathlessness dropping from 91.83% to 44.89% and cough from 77.55% to 8.16%. Additionally, 71% of patients who were initially hypoxic showed improvement, and the number of patients with normal chest X-rays increased from 12% to 71%.

For people dealing with long-COVID, this study suggests that systemic corticosteroids could help speed up recovery, especially for those with lung-related symptoms. However, it also highlights the need to be cautious about potential side effects, like reactivation of tuberculosis in certain regions.

This is a retrospective analysis, which means it looks back at existing data rather than conducting a controlled experiment. While the findings are promising, they should be interpreted with caution and ideally confirmed by more rigorous studies like randomized controlled trials.

November 2021 • Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace

Research

This study looked at how systemic corticosteroids, given during the acute phase of COVID-19, affected long-term symptoms and quality of life one year after hospital admission. Researchers conducted a telephone survey with 76 patients who had been hospitalized for COVID-19 in 2020, collecting data on symptoms, quality of life, and treatment history.

The study found that patients who received corticosteroids during their initial COVID-19 illness had fewer long-term symptoms, such as headaches, chest pain, and depression, compared to those who did not. These patients also reported better quality of life, particularly in areas related to physical pain and mental health.

For people living with Long COVID or caring for someone with the condition, this study suggests that corticosteroids given early in the illness might reduce the severity of long-term symptoms and improve overall well-being. This could help guide treatment decisions during the acute phase of COVID-19 to potentially prevent or lessen Long COVID.

As an observational study, the findings are valuable but not definitive, as they rely on patient-reported outcomes and lack randomization. The study was published in a reputable journal, but further research, such as randomized controlled trials, would strengthen the conclusions.

August 2021 • Journal of medical virology


Accessibility

Ease of access
How easy it is for the average patient to access this treatment
  1. ⬤ Extremely Difficult to Access: Rare, experimental, or highly specialized. Requires multiple referrals, long wait times, travel, and strict follow-up.
  2. ⬤⬤ Difficult to Access: Limited to select centers with moderate barriers. Requires referral, potential travel, and wait times of weeks to months.
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Moderately Accessible: Available in larger hospitals or clinics. Requires a basic referral, with moderate wait times and some coordination.
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Easy to Access: Widely available in most clinics. Minimal referral, short wait times, and simple preparation or follow-up.
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ Trivial to Access: Easily found in pharmacies or clinics. No referral needed, minimal wait, and straightforward access.
 
Cost
How much in USD does it approximately cost for a patient to see the benefits of this treatment.
  1. ⬤ Up to $100
  2. ⬤⬤ Up to $500
  3. ⬤⬤⬤ Up to $2000
  4. ⬤⬤⬤⬤ Up to $10,000
  5. ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤ More than $10,000
 

Method to access

  • Requires a prescription from a healthcare provider.
  • Available at specialized clinics and larger hospitals.
  • Monitoring and follow-up visits may be necessary.
  • No at-home treatment options available.

Cost

  • Corticosteroids like dexamethasone are generally affordable, with prices ranging from $0.13 to $3.50 per injection globally.
  • Prednisolone and other oral corticosteroids may cost $20–$50 for insured patients and $25–$300 for uninsured patients in the U.S.
  • Costs vary by region and insurance coverage.

Insurance cover

  • Commonly covered by health insurance if deemed medically necessary.
  • In the U.S., corticosteroids are often covered under prescription drug plans.
  • In other regions, such as Europe, corticosteroids are included in essential medicine lists and are generally affordable.

Locations

  • Cleveland Clinic: Offers specialized care for Long Covid, including corticosteroid treatments.
  • Mount Sinai Center for Post-COVID Care: Provides coordinated care for Long Covid patients.
  • Long Covid Alliance Directory: Lists clinics specializing in Long Covid care.
  • NYC Department of Health: Provides a directory of COVID-19 care clinics.
  • OakLeaf Clinics: Offers corticosteroid treatments for Long Covid symptoms.

Related clinical trials

Prednisolone and Vitamin B1/6/12 in Patients With Post-Covid-Syndrome
Clinical trial
Germany

Prednisolone and Vitamin B1/6/12 in Patients With Post-Covid-Syndrome

Wuerzburg University Hospital
Learn more
Safety and Efficacy of Anakinra Treatment for Patients With Post Acute Covid Syndrome
Clinical trial
Multiple countries

Safety and Efficacy of Anakinra Treatment for Patients With Post Acute Covid Syndrome

Hellenic Institute for the Study of Sepsis
Learn more

Frequently asked questions

Effects can be seen within hours to days, depending on the severity of symptoms.
Corticosteroids primarily target inflammation, immune dysregulation, and related symptoms like fatigue and breathing difficulties.
No, they are best for patients with severe inflammation or immune dysregulation. Milder cases may not benefit.
Corticosteroids may cause side effects like weight gain, mood changes, or increased susceptibility to infections.

Key resources

Episode 25: Dr Bruce Patterson - Maraviroc... myth or magic?

Episode 25: Dr Bruce Patterson - Maraviroc... myth or magic?
Learn more

73 - Dr William Li - Physician, Scientist & Long Covid Researcher

Long Covid Podcast
Learn more

Episode 19: Prof. Alex Richter - Clinical Immunologist

Episode 19: Prof. Alex Richter - Clinical Immunologist
Learn more

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